Every country that exists today must have its own society and history. And talking about the people of a country is very interesting. Because that way, we can find out where they came from, how they stopped at that place, the customs that exist in the community, culture, local food, and many exciting things that we can learn.
By knowing this information, I'm sure there must be one or two exciting things that we might try, maybe from the food, clothes, or something else. I am sure that in every country, there must be indigenous people who first occupied the area. For example, in Indonesia itself, there are hundreds of tribes who live and are scattered in various parts of Indonesia, which until now still exist.
These tribes certainly have different cultures and habits. This is an exciting thing where there will be harmony in life when these differences are put together. For example, I can eat very delicious rendang thanks to the spread of this recipe from the Minang tribe. Okay, enough of the basics.
For this time, I want to learn a little about the natives of Europe, especially those in the United States, this is just general information that maybe you already know, but later Insyaallah, I will make a separate article specifically for each of the tribes.
Native Americans, also known as Indians (also often called American Indians, Amerindians, or Native Americans), were the first North American settlers to come from Asia more than 20,000 years ago. There are various reasons why they migrate to the Americas, one of which is because they follow hunting, wander through the Bering Strait (formerly the isthmus, now separating the easternmost point of the Asian continent and the westernmost point of the Americas). Slowly they settled and developed into various tribes or groups.
For hundreds of years, they have built an orderly society. In short, In the 16th century, Europeans arrived in North America for the first time. Thinking they came from India (Asia), they mistakenly called the natives "Indians." Therefore, the natives of the Americas are known as "Indians" as the English word for "Indians." Because the settlers from Europe wanted to land, the Indians felt threatened. They also fought against the European settlers.
In the 19th century, the Indians fought against the United States government, which tried to evict them. Still, in the end, they lost and were transferred to a reservation, a special area for them to live in. Now there are still many Indian tribes who live and live there. Well, apart from the history, let's get to know the Native Americans.
Introduction to Native Americans
Karankawas
were the Karankawa Indians, they settled in the Gulf of Mexico (now Texas). Quoted from Shannon Selin, archaeologists have been tracking their whereabouts for 2,000 years. The people of Karankawa live nomadic lives, meaning they move around a lot. They also fought with the Spaniards in the 18th century to defend their land, but these efforts failed. They are now extinct, but some people still believe that some of their descendants lived in Texas.
The Karankawa Indians speak the five languages and cultures of Cujanes, Cocos, Carancaguase, Guapites, and Copanes. Their bodies were large and strong, said to be up to six feet tall. To survive, the Karankawa people do hunting and fishing in their daily activities.
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The Coahuiltecans
were various small autonomous groups of Native Americans who inhabited the Rio Grande valley in what is now southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. Different Coahuiltec groups were hunter-gatherers. First encountered by Europeans in the sixteenth century, their population declined due to disease of European imports, slavery, and various small-scale wars against the Spanish, criollo, Apache, and other Coahuiltecan groups.
After the separation of Texas from Mexico, the Coahuiltecan culture was primarily forced into harsh living conditions. Because of this violent influence, most people in the United States and Texas are unfamiliar with Coahuiltecan or Tejano cultures outside the major population groups located mostly in South Texas, West Texas, and San Antonio.
In 1886, ethnologist Albert Gatschet discovered the last known remains of the Coahuiltecan group: 25 Comecrudo, 1 Cotoname, and 2 Pakawa. They live near Reynosa, Mexico.
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The Kiowa
Kiowa is a Native American tribe native of the Great Plains of the United States. They migrated south from western Montana to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries. Eventually, They moved to the Southern Plains in the early 19th century. In 1867, Kiowa was moved to a reservation in southwest Oklahoma.
In 2011, there were 12,000 members of the Kiowa Indian tribe. Today, they are federally recognized as the Oklahoma Kiowa Indians, with headquarters in Carnegie, Oklahoma. The language they speak (Cáuijògà) is still part of the Tanoa language family and is currently in danger of extinction, with only 20 speakers as of 2012.
Caddo
The Caddo people are a component of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe based in Binger, Oklahoma. They spoke the Caddo language. The Caddo
Confederation was a network of indigenous peoples in the Southeast Forest, who historically inhabited most of what is now East Texas, western Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas, and southeastern Oklahoma.
Before contact with Europe, they were the Mississippi Caddoan culture, which built large earthen mounds at several sites in the region, developing around AD 800 to 1400. In the early 19th century, the Caddo people were forced to make reservations in Texas. In 1859, they were transferred to the Indian Territory.
The Comanche
Tribe The Comanche is an Indian tribe that inhabits the Great Plains of North America. Most of them live in Oklahoma, and the rest are scattered in several areas, such as Texas, California, and New Mexico.
The Comanche have lived in the Great Plains since 1500 AD. Horse riding is a part of their life and culture. In fact, they are widely believed to be the first tribe in the Great Plains to use horses for transportation and war. They usually carry weapons in spears and bows, often made of obsidian stone.
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The Apache
the tribe is one of the Native Americans who migrated to the south from North America around the 1400s. In the past, the Apache lived in southeastern Arizona and much of southwestern Mexico. They live nomadic or nomadic. Their daily activities are hunting and gathering food ingredients to survive. Their house is called a Teepee, a temporary hut-like structure made of twigs and covered with grass or a tarp made of animal skins such as buffalo.
The residential architecture is adapted to the environment in which they live, predominantly sandy and arid, and likes to move around. At its peak, the Apache had various main groups, namely Arivaipa, Chiricahua, Coyotero, Faraone Gileno, Llanero, Mescalero, Mimbreno, Mogollon, Naisha, Tchikun, and Tchishi.
They were strong groups leading many battles, continuing to be hostile to the whites. The first defeat for the Apaches was in 1886 when the Chiricahua Apaches were deported to Florida and Alabama as military prisoners. Now the Apache population remains at 11,000 people, but some say their current number is only about 5,000 people spread across Arizona (Western Apache), New Mexico (Apache Cijarilla and Mescarelo), and Oklahoma (Apache Plains)
Jumanos
Jumanos can arguably be one tribe, or it could be several tribes, who inhabit a sizeable western area of Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico, especially near the Junta de Los Rios area with a large Indian population living there. A Spanish explorer first recorded an encounter with Jumano in 1581; in his expedition, he noted that they were in a large area in the Southwest and Great Plains. Still, their population had declined by the early 18th century. The last historical reference is in the oral history of the 19th century.
Scholars generally think that the Jumano people who disappeared in 1750 were caused by infectious disease, the slave trade, and war, with the remains being absorbed by the Apache or Comanche.
As attested in Spanish documents, various spellings of the name Jumanos include Jumana, Xumana, Humana, Umana, Xoman, and Sumana.
The Ysleta del Sur Pueblo or Tigua Pueblo
The Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (also Tigua Pueblo) is a Native American Pueblo tribal entity in the Ysleta section of El Paso, Texas. Its members were South Tiwa people who had fled from Spain to New Mexico in 1680-1681 during the Pueblo Rebellion against Spain.
Both the people and the language are called Tigua (pronounced Tiwa). They have maintained their tribal identity and land in Texas. Spanish primarily replaced their native language in the early 1900s, and today, English is growing in their society. However, there are currently efforts to revive their native language. They are one of three federally recognized tribes in Texas.
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So, that's some information about Native Americans that currently exist among them. Some are extinct or not known to exist due to epidemics, war, or other unknown reasons. But that is the cycle of life on this earth. We are grateful to see that they once existed and can preserve their heritage by continuing to study culture, language, art, and others.
I hope this information is helpful.