Kiowa, Native American - a tribe with many skills in art

The Kiowa ( / k aɪ. w, - w, - w eɪ / ) people are a Native American tribe and a native of the Great Plains of the United States. They migrated south from western Montana to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries and finally to the Southern Plains in the early 19th century. In 1867, Kiowa was transferred to a reservation in southwest Oklahoma.

See other Native American Tribe in the United States

Today, they are federally recognized as the Oklahoma Kiowa Indians, with headquarters in Carnegie, Oklahoma. As of 2011, there are 12,000 members. The Kiowa language (Cáuijògà), part of the Tanoa language family, is in danger of extinction, with only 20 speakers in 2012.

Kiowa, Native American - a tribe with many skills in art

Tribal Name

In the Kiowa language, Kiowa refers to themselves as [kɔ́j–gʷú], spelt variously as Ka'igwu, Cáuigú, [Gáuigú, or Gaigwu, mostly given the speculative meaning of "Ultimate People". The first part of the name is the element [kɔ́j] (spelling Kae-, Cáui-, [Gáui, or Gai-] which means 'Kiowa'. The second element is a plural marker, -gua/g [-gw] (or -gw] in older Kiowa). The origin is unknown.

The ancient names of the tribe are Kútjàu or Kwu-da [kʰʷút–tɔ̀] ("appear" or "quickly come out") and Tep-da [tʰép+dɔ̀ː], related to the tribal origin myth of a creator pulling people out of the trunk. Hollow wood until a pregnant woman is trapped. Later, they were known as Kom-pa-bianta (Kmfàubîdàu) [kmp+b-d]. (tipi flap+big-plural) for "people with large tipi folds" prior to meeting the Southern Plains people or the skins. White.

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In English, Kiowa is pronounced KYE-o-wə /ˈkaɪ.oʊ.wə/, KEE-o-wə /ˈki.oʊ.wə/ is considered inappropriate. The English name comes from how Comanches would say /kɔ́j–gʷú/ in their language. Some older Kiowa will pronounce Kiowa as KYE-wah /ˈkaɪ.wɑː/.

In Plain Indian Sign Language, Kiowa is expressed by holding two fingers straight near the lower outer edge of the right eye and moving these fingers back over the ear. This is in keeping with the ancient Kiowa's hairstyle, which is cut horizontally from the lower outer edge of their eyes to behind their ears. It is a functional practice to keep their hair from getting tangled as they shoot arrows from the bowstring. This hairstyle was painted on Kiowa warriors by George Catlin.

Language used

Kiowa is a language of the Kiowa-Tanoan language group. The relationship was first proposed by the Smithsonian linguist John P. Harrington in 1910. It was definitively established by Ken Hale in 1967. Parker McKenzie, born in 1897, was a Kiowa linguist learning English only when he started school.

He worked with John P. Harrington, who gave him first author credit on co-published work in an era when original consultants were rarely credited. Later, he also worked with Laurel Watkins in Kiowa. He discusses the word's etymology and insights into how the Kiowa language is changing to include new items of material culture. McKenzie's letters are in the National Anthropological Archives on the pronunciation and grammar of the Kiowa language.

Kiowa (ˈkaɪ.əwə) or Cáuijṑ̱gà / [Gáui[dò̱:gyà (″Cáuigù (Kiowa)″) is a Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa people, mainly in the districts of Caddo, Kiowa, and Comanche.

Additionally, Kiowa is one of the many countries in the US, Canada, and Mexico that speak the Plains Sign Talk. Originally a trade language, it became a language of its own that remains spoken throughout North America.

Government

The Kiowa Indians of Oklahoma are headquartered in Carnegie, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictions include the Caddo, Comanche, Cotton, Jackson, Kiowa, Tillman, Greer, and Harmon Counties. Enrollment in the tribe requires a minimum blood quantum of Kiowa descent.

In 2022, the Chief of the Kiowa Tribe is Lawrence SpottedBird, and the Vice Chairman is Jacob Tsotigh.

Economic growth

The Kiowa tribe issues their own vehicle labels. As of 2011, the tribe owns one smoked shop, Morningstar Steakhouse and Grill, Morningstar Buffet, The Winner's Circle restaurant in Devol, Oklahoma, and Kiowa Bingo near Carnegie, Oklahoma.

The Kiowa Casino in Carnegie, the Kiowa Casino and Hotel Red River in Devol are all owned by the tribe (about 20 minutes north of Wichita Falls, Texas).

Kiowa culture

Originating from the Northern Plains and migrating to the Southern Plains, the Kiowa people follow bilateral ancestry. That is, the maternal and paternal lines are significant. They do not have a clan but have a complex kinship-based system and a society based on age and sex.

Thin, conical huts made of leather or newer canvas provide a lightweight, portable home. They hunted, gathered wild food, and traded with neighbouring agrarian tribes for produce. Kiowa migrates seasonally with American bison because it is their main food source.

They also hunt deer, deer, turkeys, and other animals. The women collect various wild berries and fruits and process them with processed meat to make pemmican. Dogs are used to pull travois and rawhide parfleche containing camping goods for brief movements. Kiowa tends to stay in the area for long periods.

The Kiowa and Plains Apache established a homeland in the Southern Plains adjacent to the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado and western Kansas and the Red River drainage of the Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma.

When they adopted horse culture, after acquiring horses from a Spanish rancheria south of the Rio Grande, Kiowa revolutionized their way of life. They have a much more comprehensive range for their seasonal hunting, and horses can carry some camping stuff.

Kiowa uses Plantago virginica to make wreaths or wreaths for parents to wear on their heads during ceremonial dances as a symbol of health.

Cuisine

Kiowa historically had a nomadic hunter-gatherer society. They share similar cuisine with their neighbouring Plains tribes, such as the Comanche. The most important food source for Kiowa and other plains countries is the American bison or buffalo.

Before the introduction of horses, bulls were hunted on foot. They required the hunter to get as close to the target as possible before approaching to shoot with arrows or use a long spear. Sometimes they wear wolf or coyote skins to hide their approach to the bison herd.

Hunting bison becomes a lot easier once Kiowa acquires a horse. Bison were hunted on horseback, and the men used bows and arrows to bring them down and long spears to pierce the beast's heart. The women prepare bison meat in various ways: grilled, boiled and dried.

Dried meat was prepared into pemmican for food when people were travelling. Pemmican is made by grinding dry lean meat into a powder, then mixing in approximately equal weights of fat or liquid fat and sometimes berries; pemmican is shaped into bars and stored in bags until ready to eat. Certain parts of the bison are sometimes eaten raw.

Other animals hunted include deer, elk, pronghorn, wild mustang, wild turkey, and bear. During rare game times, Kiowa will eat small animals such as lizards, waterfowl, skunks, snakes, and armadillos. They raided farms for Longhorn herds to eat during times of trouble and horses to eat during times of trouble and to obtain for their own use.

Men do most of the hunting in the Kiowa community. Females are responsible for gathering wild foods such as berries, tubers, seeds, nuts, vegetables, and wild fruits. Still, they may choose to hunt if they wish. Plants important to Kiowa cuisine include pecans, prickly pears, mulberries, persimmons, acorns, plums, and wild onions.

Pawnee people live on the western edge of the great plain. They obtained cultivated crops, such as chayote, corn, and pumpkin, by trading and raiding various Indians, such as Indians. Before purchasing metal pots from Europe, Kiowa cooked boiled meat and vegetables through a process of lining a hole in the ground with animal skins, filling it with water, and adding fire-heated stones.

Transportation and residence

The best shelter used by the Kiowa is the tipi or leather hut. Thin is made of bull skin shaped and sewn into a cone-shaped one. Wooden poles called hut posts 12–25 feet (3.7–7.6 m) long were used to support the hut. Cottage poles are harvested from red juniper and cottage pine.

Thin has at least one entrance. The smoke cover is placed at the top, so that smoke can escape from the fire pit inside. The tipi floor is lined with animal fur and leather for warmth and comfort. Tipi is designed to be warm inside during the winter months and cool inside during the warm summer months.

Thin easily collapses and can be raised in minutes, making it the optimal structure for nomadic peoples such as Kiowa and other Plains Indian states. Tipi poles are used to make travois during the journey. Hide paintings often adorn the outside, and the inside is thin, with a special meaning attached to specific designs.

Before introducing horses to North America, Kiowa and other plains people used domesticated dogs to carry and pull their belongings. Thin and belongings, as well as small children, were carried on a travois, the skeletal structure using tipi poles and pulled by dogs and then horses.

The introduction of horses to the Kiowa people revolutionized their way of life. They obtained horses by robbing rancheros south of the Rio Grande to Mexico and robbing other Indians who already owned horses, such as the Navajo and various Pueblos.

With horses, they could carry larger loads, hunt more game animals over more comprehensive and straightforward ranges, and travel longer and farther. Kiowa becomes a strong, skilled cavalry soldier who performs long-range attacks against enemies.

Kiowa is considered one of the best horse riders in the Plains. A man's wealth is measured primarily by the size of his horse herd, with the very wealthy individuals owning livestock numbering in the hundreds.

Horses were targeted for capture during raids. Kiowa considered it an honour to steal horses from enemies. Such raids were often a rite of passage for young warriors. They decorated their horses with body paints from shamans for ritual and spiritual purposes, such as luck and protection during battle. Kiowa horses are often decorated with beaded masks (sometimes bison horns attached to the sides) and fur on their manes.

Mules and donkeys were also used for transportation and wealth; However, they were not very appreciated. Mules and donkeys were also used for transportation and wealth; However, they were not very appreciated. Mules and donkeys were also used for transportation and wealth; However, they were not very appreciated.

Social and Political Organization

The Kiowa has a well-structured tribal government like most tribes in the Northern Plains. They hold an annual Sun Dance meeting, and elected heads are considered the symbolic leaders of the entire nation. Warrior societies and religious communities are important to the Kiowa community and play a special role.

Leaders are chosen based on the courage and courage shown in battle, intelligence, generosity, experience, communication skills, and kindness to others. Kiowa believed that the fearless young warrior was ideal. The entire tribe is structured around this individual. Soldiers are the ideals that young people aspire to. Because of these factors, the Kiowa was very important in the history of the Southern Plains.

Women gain prestige through the achievements of their husbands, sons, and fathers or through their own achievements in the arts. Kiowa women were tanned, sewn with leather, painted geometric designs on parfleche and then beaded and quilled leather.

The Kiowa women ran the camp while the men were away. They collect and prepare food for winter and participate in major ritual events. Kiowa men live with their wife's extended families. The local group (jōfàujōgáu or jōdáu) was led by jōfàujōqì, who merged into a band (topadoga). These groups were led by a tribal chief, Topadok'i (′main chief′).

Kiowa has two political subdivisions (particularly about their relationship with the Comanche):

To-kinah-yup or Thóqàhyp /Thóqàhyòi (″Northerners″, lit. 'Men of the Cold' or Cold People′, 'northern Kiowa', live along the Arkansas River and the Kansas border, consisting of the more northern band)
Sálqáhyóp or Sálqáhyói (″Southerners″, lit. Hot People′, 'southern Kiowa', lives in Llano Estacado (Staked Plains), the Oklahoma Panhandle and Texas Panhandle, an ally of the Comanche).

Regional divisions changed as pressure on the Kiowa lands increased in the 1850s. New regional groupings appear:

Gwa-kelega or Gúhàlēcáuigú ( 'Wild Mustang Kiowa' or Gúhàlē Kiowa′, they are named for the large mustang herd in the Kwahadi (Quohada) region. Adjacent to them during the last resistance against the white settlements of the Southern Plains).

After the death of high chief Dohäsan in 1866, Kiowa was politically divided into a peace faction and a war faction. The war and peace band developed primarily based on their proximity to Fort Sill (Xóqáudáuhága – At Medicine Bluff′, lit. Rock Cliff Medicine At Soldiers Collective They Are′) and their level of interaction.

Kiowa ribbon inside the tipi ring during the annual Sun Dance (called Kc-to):

Kâtá or Qáutjáu ('Biters', lit. Arikara, because they have a strong history of trade with the Arikara people and some families have Arikara relatives; this is Kiowa's most potent and largest band)
Kogui or Qógûi ('Elks Band')
Kaigwa or Cáuigú ('Right Kiowa')
Kinep / Kí̱bi̱dau / Kíbìdàu (′Big Shields′) or Khe-ate / Kí̱ːet / Kíèt ('The Great Shield'), also known as Káugyabî̱dau / Kāugàbîdāu (′Big Hides / Robes′)
Semat / Sémhát ('Thieves' or Thieves′, the Kiowa name for their ally, the Kiowa Apache, during the Dance of the Sun, also called Taugûi – Seated (in)Outdoor′)
Soy-hay-talpupé / Sáuhédau-talyóp ('Blue Boys') or Pahy-dome-gaw / Pái-dome-gú ('Under-the-Sun-Men') (smallest Kiowa band)

During the Sun Dance, some bands have special obligations. It is traditionally defined as follows:

Kâtá has the traditional right (duty or duty) to supply Kiowa during the Dance of the Sun with sufficient bison meat and other food. The band is very rich in horses, thin and other items. The band members are the famous Kiowa Principals Dohäsan (Little Mountain) and Guipago (The Wolf Alone).

Kogui is responsible for performing war ceremonies during the Dance of the Sun. There are many famous families and leaders known for their exploits and military valour, such as Ad-da-te ("Islandman"), Satanta (White Bear), and Kicking Bird, and war chiefs Big Bow (Zepko-ete) and the Stumbling Bear. (Seth-imkia).

Kaigwu is the guardian of the Sacred or Medicine bundle (Tai-mé, Taimay) and the holy spear. Therefore, they are respected and enjoy special prestige.

Kinep or Khe-ate are often called "Shield Dance of the Sun" because, during the dance, they observe police duties and ensure safety. The head of the Women's Heart (Manyi-ten) is part of this band.

The Semat tribe are allowed to participate equally but has no special duties and obligations during the Sun Dance.

Enemy and Warrior Culture

Typical of the Indian plains, the Kiowa are a people of warriors. They often fought with enemies, both neighbours and far outside their Territory. Kiowa is famous even among plain Indians for their long-range attacks, including attacks far south into Mexico and northern plains.

Almost all wars were fought while on horseback. Kiowa's enemies include the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Navajo, Ute, and occasionally Lakota in the north and west of the Kiowa region. They fought Pawnee, Osage, Kickapoo, Kaw, Caddo, Wichita, Sac and Fox to the east of the Kiowa region. In the south, they fought with the Centipede Apache, the Mescalero Apache, the Chiricahua Apache called Kiowa Do'-ko'nsenä'go - ""The people of the emerging moccasins" and Tonkawa.

Kiowa was also involved in conflict with the Indian states of south and eastern America. It was transferred to Indian Territories during the Indian Eradication period, including the Cherokee, Choctaw, Muskogee, and Chickasaw. Eastern tribes discovered that the Indian Territory to which they were sent was already occupied by plain Indians, especially the Kiowa and Comanche.

Cheyenne and The Arapaho would then make peace with the Kiowa and form strong alliances with them, the Comanche, and the Plains Apaches to fight the invading settlers and US troops, as well as the Mexicans and the Mexican Army.

Like other plain Indians, the Kiowa had a specific warrior society. Young men who proved their mettle and skill or demonstrated their worth in battle were often invited to one of the warrior societies. Apart from warfare, the community worked to maintain peace within the camp and the tribe as a whole. There are six groups of fighters among the Kiowa.

Po-Lanh-Yope (Little Rabbit) is for boys; all young Kiowa boys are enrolled, and the group serves primarily social and educational purposes, not involving violence or fighting. Adle-Tdow-Yope (Young Sheep), Tsain-Tanmo (Horse Headdress), Tdien-Pei-Gah (Pumpkin Society), and Ton-Kon-Gah (Black Legs or Leggings), are an adult warrior society. The Koitsenko (Qkoie-Tsain-Gah, Main Dog or Real Dog) is made up of the ten most elite warriors of all Kiowa, chosen by members of the other four adult warrior societies.

Kiowa warriors used a combination of traditional and non-traditional weapons, including long spears, bows and arrows, tomahawks, knives, and batons, as well as rifles, shotguns, revolvers, and cavalry swords that were later acquired.

Shields and weapons were decorated with feathers, feathers, and animal body parts such as eagle claws were for ceremonial purposes. Shields are made of strong bison skin stretched over a wooden frame or bison skulls, making the shield small and strong.

Kiowa Calendar

In the Kiowa tradition, death has strong associations with dark spirits and negative forces, meaning that one's death is viewed as a traumatic experience. The fear of ghosts in the Kiowa community stems from the belief that spirits usually deny the end of their physical life.

These spirits are thought to remain in the vicinity of the corpse or burial site, as well as haunt former residences and property. The lingering spirit is also believed to help encourage the dying person to cross from the physical world to the afterlife. The fear of ghosts can be seen in the way the skulls are treated, which are believed to be a source of negative spiritual contamination that poses a danger to living beings.

Because of the fear and risk associated with death, society's reaction was instantaneous and cruel. Family and relatives are expected to show grief through reactions such as wailing, tearing clothes and shaving heads. There have also been reports of self-induced body lacerations and excised finger joints. In the grieving process, widowed women and spouses are expected to be more expressive in mourning.

Before burial, the deceased's body must be washed. The washing machine, historically a woman, also combed the hair and painted the faces of the dead. After the body is treated, the funeral is immediately carried out. If possible, burials are carried out on the same day unless the death occurs at night.

In this case, the dead were buried the following day. Quick burial reduces the risk of remaining spirits around the burial site. Following the burial, most of the deceased's belongings were burned, along with their tipi. If their tipi or house is shared with the family, the surviving relatives move to a new home.

History

As a member of the Kiowa-Tanoan language family, Kiowa, at a distant time, likely shared ethnic origins with other Amerindian peoples of this minor language family: Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, and others. However, in historic times, the Kiowa lived in a hunter-gatherer economy, unlike the sedentary pueblo society.

Kiowa also has a complex ceremonial life and develops a 'winter countdown' as a calendar. The Kiowa tell of their origins near the Missouri River and the Black Hills. They knew that they were being pushed south by pressure from the Sioux.

See more below for the earliest record — and retold — of Kiowa history.

After A'date, Kiowa's famous leader was Dohäsan (Tauhawsin, Over-Hanging Butte, aka Little Mountain, aka Little Bluff); Satank (Set-ankea, Sitting Bear), Guipago (Gui-pah-gho, Lone Wolf The Elder, aka Guibayhawgu, Saved From the Wolves), Satanta (Set-tainte, White Bear), Tene-angopte (Kicking Bird), Zepko -ete (Big Bow), Set-imkia (Stumble Bear), Manyi-ten (Woman's Heart), Napawat (No Mocassin), Mamanti (Walk Up), Tsen-tainte (White Horse), Ado-ete (Big Tree ).

Dohasan, also known as Touhason, is considered by many to be the greatest Kiowa Chief (1805–1866), as he united and ruled Kiowa for 30 years. He signed a number of treaties with the United States, including the Fort Atkinson Treaty on July 27, 1852, and the Little Arkansas Treaty on July 27, 1865.

Guipago became the chief head of Kiowa when Dohosan (Little Bluff) appointed him his successor. Guipago and Satanta, along with the old Satank, lead the warring factions in the country of Kiowa, while Tene-angopte and Napawat lead the peaceful party.

They were captured by United States soldiers and transported to Jacksboro, Texas. En route, near Fort Sill, Indian Territory, Satank kills a soldier with a knife. It is shot by the cavalry while trying to escape. Satanta and Big Tree are later convicted of murder by a "cowboy jury".

In September 1872, Guipago met with Satanta and Ado-ete, the visit being one of Guipago's conditions for accepting a request for a trip to Washington and meeting President Grant for peace talks. Guipago finally released the two captives in September 1873. Guipago, Satanta, Set-imkia, Zepko-ete, Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-taite, and Ado-ete led the Kiowa warriors during the "Buffalo war" along the Red River in the summer of 1874, along with Comanche allies.

They surrendered after the battle of Palo Duro Canyon. Tene-angopte had to select 26 Kiowa tribal chiefs and soldiers for deportation; Satanta was sent to prison in Huntsville, Alabama, while Guipago, Manyi-ten, Maanti, Tsen-tainte, and others were sent to St. Augustine, Florida, at what became known as Fort Marion.

Tene-angopte, cursed by Mamanti's "doctor", died in May 1875; Satanta committed suicide in Huntsville in October 1878. Guipago, who fell ill with malaria, was imprisoned at Fort Sill, where he died in 1879.

India's Chief nickel sculptor, James Earle Fraser, reportedly said that the Great Tree Head (Adoeette) was one of his models for US coins; it was printed from 1913 to 1938.

Early History and Migration to the South

The Kiowa emerged as a distinct people in their native homeland of the northern Missouri River Valley. Seeking more land of their own, the Kiowa travelled southeast to the Black Hills in present-day South Dakota and Wyoming circa 1650.

In the Black Hills area, the Kiowa lived peacefully with the Crow Indians, with whom they had long maintained close friendships, organizing themselves into 10 bands and numbering about 3000. Pressure from the Ojibwedi forests north and the edge of the great plains in Minnesota forced the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Sioux west into the Kiowa region around the Black Hills.

Kiowa was pushed south by the attacking Cheyenne, who were then pushed west from the Black Hills by the Sioux. Eventually, Kiowa acquired large areas of the central and southern great plains in western Kansas, eastern Colorado, and much of Oklahoma, including the panhandle and Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico. In their early history, Kiowa travelled by dog , pulling their belongings until horses were acquired through trade and raids with Spain and other Indian states in the southwest.

In early spring 1790, in what would become Las Vegas, New Mexico, a Kiowa party led by warlord Guikate made an offer of peace to the Comanche party as the two visited a friend's house with the two tribes.

This led to a later meeting between Guikate and the heads of the Nokoni Comanche. The two groups made an alliance to share the same hunting ground, signed a mutual defence pact, and became the dominant inhabitants of the Southern Plains. From then on, Comanche and Kiowa hunted, travelled, and fought together.

In addition to the Comanche, Kiowa forms a very close alliance with the Plains Apache(Kiowa-Apache), with the two countries sharing much of the same culture and participating in each other's annual council meetings and events. The strong alliance of the countries of the southern plains kept Spain from gaining a strong colonial grip on the southern plains.

Indian War

In the last years of the 18th century and in the first quarter of the 19th century, Kiowa was less feared by its European neighbors. Kiowa is located north of the Wichita Mountains. The Kiowa and the Comanche controlled vast areas from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. Kiowa's enemies are usually Comanche enemies. To the east, there is a war with Osage and Pawnee.

In the early 19th, Cheyenne and Arapaho began camping on the Arkansas River, and a new war broke out. To the south, the Kiowa and Comanche are Caddoan speakers, but the Kiowa and Comanche are friendly to these groups. The Comanche is at war with Apaches from the Rio Grande region.

They fought Cheyenne, Arapaho, Pawnee, Sac and Fox, and the Osages.

In the summer of 1833, the Osage attacked the open Kiowa camp near Head Mountain, Oklahoma. Kiowa lost many parents, children and women. The head is cut off and placed in the kettle. During this "Cut Throat Massacre", Osage also captured the sacred Tai-me (Kiowa Sun Dance figure). The Kiowa could not perform the Sun Dance until Tai-me returned in 1835. Dohasan replaced the old Kiowa chief because he failed to anticipate danger.

Kiowa traded with Wichita in the south along the Red River and with the Mescalero Apache and New Mexico in the southwest. After 1840 they and their former enemy, the Cheyenne, as well as their allies Comanche and Apache, fought and invaded the native Easterners who had moved into Indian Territory.

From 1821 to 1870, Kiowa joined the Comanche in raids, mainly for livestock, which spread deep into Mexico and caused the deaths of thousands.

Colonial Transition---

1873-1878 marked a drastic change in the Kiowa's lifestyle. In June 1874, the Kiowa and a group of Comanche and Cheyenne soldiers made their final protest against the white invasion at the Battle of Adobe Walls in Texas, which proved futile. In 1877, the first house was built for an Indian tribal chief and plans were initiated to employ Indians in the Agency. Thirty Indians were hired to form the Reservation's first police force.

Kiowa agreed to make a reservation in southwest Oklahoma. With the Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867, Kiowas settled in Western Oklahoma and Kansas. Several Kiowas bands remained free until 1875. Several Centipede Apaches and Mescalero Apaches, with several Comanches in their companies, survived in northern Mexico until the early 1880s when Mexican and US Army troops pushed them into Reservation or into extinction.

They were forced to move south of the Washita River to the Red River and West Oklahoma with the Comanches and the Kiowa Apache. The transition from the free life of the Plains people to the life of local Reservations is more difficult for some families than others.

Reservation Period----

The reservation period lasted from 1868 to 1906. In 1873, the first school among Kiowa was founded by Quaker Thomas C. Battey. In 1877, the federal government built the first homes for Indian chiefs and initiated plans to employ Indians. Thirty Indians were hired to form the Reservation's first police force. In 1879, The Agency was relocated from Ft. Sill to Anadarko. The 1890 census showed 1,598 Comanche on the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Kiowa Apache.

An agreement made with the Cherokee Commission signed by 456 adult Kiowa, Comanche, and Kiowa Apache men on September 28, 1892, paved the way for the country's opening to white settlers. The treaty provides for an allotment of 160 acres (65 ha) for each individual within the tribes and for the sale of reservation land (2,488,893 acres or 1,007,219 ha) to the United States into effect immediately upon ratification by Congress.

However, the Medicine Lodge treaty of 1867 guaranteed India's ownership of the Reservation until 1898. The Indian signatories wanted their names crossed, but it was too late. As the leader, A'piatan traveled to Washington to protest. Chief Lone Wolf (The Younger) immediately filed a lawsuit against the action in the Supreme Court, but the Court ruled on June 26, 1901.

The agent assigned to the Kiowa people.

Modern Period

Since 1968, Kiowa has been governed by the Kiowa Tribal Council, which leads businesses related to health, education, and economic and industrial development programs.

On March 13, 1970, the Kiowa Indians of Oklahoma drafted its constitution and by-laws, and Kiowa voters ratified it on May 23, 1970. In 2017, the current constitution was approved.

In 1998, in the landmark decision of the Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc., the US Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes retain their sovereign immunity as a state from personal lawsuits without their consent, even in transactions outside the Reservation where they do not waive that immunity.

In 2000, more than 4,000 of the 12,500 registered Kiowa lived near the cities of Anadarko, Fort Cobb, and Carnegie in the counties of Caddo and Kiowa, Oklahoma. Kiowa also lives in urban and suburban communities across the United States, having moved to areas with more jobs.

The Kiowa told ethnologist James Mooney that the first calendar keeper in their tribe was Little Bluff, or Tohausan, who was a chieftain from 1833 to 1866. Mooney also worked with two other calendar keepers, Settan, or Little Bear, and Ankopaaingyadete, In the Middle of Many Traces, commonly known as Anko. Other Plains tribes kept "winter counts," which were pictorial records.

The Kiowa calendar system is unique: they record two events each year, offering smoother notes and twice as many entries for a given period. The Silver Horn (1860–1940), or Haungooah, was the most respected artist of the Kiowa tribe in the 19th and 20th centuries and kept a calendar. He was a respected religious leader in his later years.

Funeral Practice

The Kiowa's cultural identity and pride are evident in their expressive culture and strong influence on Pumpkin Dance and Southern Plains art. Every year Kiowa veterans commemorate the warlike spirit of 19th-century leaders with dances performed by the Kiowa Pumpkin Clan and the Kiowa Black Leggings Warrior Society.

Literature

The historical documentation and development of Kiowa's contemporary art form one of the most unusual accounts of Native American culture. Since 1891, Kiowa artists have been commissioned to produce works for exhibition at international exhibitions. The "Kiowa Six" are some of the earliest Native Americans to receive international acclaim for their work in the fine arts world.

They influenced generations of Kiowa and other Plains Indian artists. Traditional craft skills are not lost among Kiowa people today. The fine arts and crafts produced by Kiowa Indians helped the Oklahoma Indian Arts and Crafts Cooperative thrive during its 20 years of existence.

Art Ledger and painting hide

Early Kiowa ledger artists were those held by the US Army at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida (1875–1878), at the end of the Red River War, also known as the Southern Plains Indian War. The art of ledgers emerged from the tradition of painting hide the Plain.

Fort Marion's artists include Kiowas Etadleuh Doanmoe and Zotom, prolific artists who chronicle their experiences before and after being prisoners in the fort. After his release from Fort Marion, Paul Zom-tiam (Zonetime, Koba) studied theology from 1878 to 1881, when he has ordained a deacon in the Episcopal church.

Kiowa Six

Following the footsteps of the Silver Horn is the Kiowa Six, or, as it has been known, the Kiowa Five. Spencer Asah, James Auchiah, Jack Hokeah, Stephen Mopope, Lois Smoky Kaulaity, and Monroe Tsatoke are among them.

These artists, who are from the Anadarko area of Oklahoma, attended the University of Oklahoma. Lois Smoky left the group in 1927, but James Auchiah took his place. By exhibiting their work at the 1928 International Art Congress in Czechoslovakia and later having participated in the Venice Biennale in 1932, the Kiowa Six gained international recognition as fine artists.

Painter and Sculptor

Kiowa painters active in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries include Sharron Ahtone Harjo, Homer Buffalo, Charley Oheltoint, Michael C. Satoe Brown, TC Cannon, Wilson Daingkau, George Geionty, Bobby Hill, and others (1933–1984), Harding Bigbow (1921–1997), Jim Tartsah, Mirac Creepingbear (1947–1990),

Herman Toppah, Ernie Keahbone, CE Rowell, Dixon Palmer, Roland Whitehorse, Blackbear Bosin, Woody Big Bow (1914–1988), Parker Boyiddle Jr (1947–2007), Dennis Belindo (1938–2009), Clifford Doyeto (1942–2010), Al Momaday, George Keahbone, Joe Lucero (Hobay),

Ladonna Tsatoke Silverhorn, RG Geionty, Huzo Paddelty, Keri Ataumbi, David E. William. Micah Wesley. Thomas Poolaw, Tennyson Reid, Sherman Chaddlesone (1947–2013), Cruz McDaniels, II (1950–2020), Robert Redbird (born 1939), Gus Hawziptaw, Gerald Darby, Lee Tsatoke Jr., N. Scott Momaday, and Barthell Chief small.

Bead Artist

Donna Jean Tsatoke, Marilyn Yeahquo, Lois Smoky Kaulaity, Alice Littleman, Nettie Standing, Edna Hokeah Pauahty, Barry D. Beliindo, Kathy Littlechief, Leona Geimasaddle, Katherine Dickerson, Charlie Silverhorn, Paul McDaniels Jr., Eugenia McDaniels, Judy Beaver, Kiowa J. Taryole, Grace Tsontekoy, Richard Aitson,

Author

Kiowa is the author. N. Scott Momaday's novel House Made of Dawn won the Pulitzer Prize in 1969. Richard Aitson (Kiowa Apache/Kiowa) is a published poet. Playwright Hanay Geiogamah, poet and filmmaker Gus Palmer Jr., Alyce Sadongei, Marian Kaulaity Hansson, Tocakut, and Tristan Ahtone are among the other Kiowa writers.

Musician and composer

Kiowa music is often known for its hymns which were historically accompanied by dances or played on a flute. Notable composers of contemporary Kiowa music include James Anquoe, best known for his contributions to Native American culture. Cornel Pewewardy, Tom Mauchahty-Ware, and Terry Tsotigh are examples of contemporary Kiowa musicians.

Photographer

Early Kiowa photographers included Parker McKenzie and his wife, Nettie Odlety. Their 1913 photographs are housed in the Oklahoma History Center. Kiowa photographer Horace Poolaw (1906–1984) was one of his generation's most prolific Native American photographers.

Beginning in the 1920s, he documented the Kiowa people who lived near his community in Mountain View, Oklahoma. His legacy is continued today by his grandson, Thomas Poolaw, a Kiowa photographer and leading digital artist.